See libel on Wiktionary
{
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "slander"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "antilibel"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "libellize"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "libelous"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "libellous"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*lewbʰ-",
"id": "cut off"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "libel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English libel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "libelle"
},
"expansion": "Old French libelle",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "libellus",
"4": "",
"5": "petition",
"lit": "booklet"
},
"expansion": "Latin libellus (“petition”, literally “booklet”)",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "libelle"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of libelle",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "wp"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English libel, from Old French libelle, from Latin libellus (“petition”, literally “booklet”). Doublet of libelle.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "libels",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "libel (countable and uncountable, plural libels)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "defamation"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "blasphemous libel"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "blood libel"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cyberlibel"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "McLibel"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "Twibel"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "libel chill"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "libel tourism"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 9 26 26 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 11 23 26 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tagalog translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2002, Spider-Man:",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A written or pictorial false statement which unjustly seeks to damage someone's reputation."
],
"id": "en-libel-en-noun-1iXe5Uok",
"links": [
[
"written",
"written"
],
[
"pictorial",
"pictorial"
],
[
"false",
"false"
],
[
"statement",
"statement"
],
[
"unjustly",
"unjustly"
],
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"reputation",
"reputation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A written or pictorial false statement which unjustly seeks to damage someone's reputation."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "zrpartutʻyun",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"word": "զրպարտություն"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "kleveta",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "клевета"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "donos",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "донос"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "libel"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hanopis"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "injurie"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "ærekrænkelse"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "æresfornærmelse"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "bagvaskelse"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"word": "kalumnio"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"word": "kirjallinen kunnianloukkaus"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"word": "kirjallinen herjaus"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"word": "häväistyskirjoitus"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"word": "calomnie f écrite"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "libelle"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "schriftliche Verleumdung"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "lívellos",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "λίβελλος"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "livellográfima",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "λιβελλογράφημα"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "kleveta",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "клевета"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calúnia"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "klevetá",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "клевета́"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "diffamácija",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "диффама́ция"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calugna"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "diffamazziuni"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "libelo"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "förtal"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "ärekränkning"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "smädeskrift"
},
{
"_dis1": "37 10 20 23 10",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"word": "paninirang-puri"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 11 23 26 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tagalog translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Crime",
"orig": "en:Crime",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The act or tort of displaying such a statement publicly."
],
"id": "en-libel-en-noun-cVTf3w4-",
"links": [
[
"act",
"act"
],
[
"tort",
"tort"
],
[
"publicly",
"publicly"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) The act or tort of displaying such a statement publicly."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "zrpartutʻyun",
"sense": "act or crime",
"word": "զրպարտություն"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "difamació"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pomluva"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "injurie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "ærekrænkelse"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "æresfornærmelse"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "bagvaskelse"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "act or crime",
"word": "kirjallinen kunnianloukkaus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "act or crime",
"word": "calomnie f écrite"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "schriftliche Verleumdung"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "sykofantikí dysfímisi",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "συκοφαντική δυσφήμηση"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "leabhal"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "diffamazione"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "difamação"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "klevetá",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "клевета́"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "diffamácija",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "диффама́ция"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calugna"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "diffamazziuni"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "förtal"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "ärekränkning"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "enllib"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 7 30 10 25 15 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 8 10 25 17 25 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 9 26 26 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 11 23 26 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tagalog translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any defamatory writing; a lampoon; a satire."
],
"id": "en-libel-en-noun-p3FuXEPd",
"links": [
[
"defamatory",
"defamatory"
],
[
"writing",
"writing"
],
[
"lampoon",
"lampoon"
],
[
"satire",
"satire"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) Any defamatory writing; a lampoon; a satire."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 1 69 2 24",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "paskvil",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "пасквил"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 69 2 24",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "smædeskrift"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 69 2 24",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"word": "smaadschrift"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 69 2 24",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"word": "Schmähschrift"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 69 2 24",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "livellográfima",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "λιβελλογράφημα"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 69 2 24",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "sátira",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "σάτιρα"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 69 2 24",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "difamação"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 69 2 24",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "libelo"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 69 2 24",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "paskvilʹ",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "пасквиль"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 69 2 24",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calugna"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 69 2 24",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "diffamazziuni"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Law",
"orig": "en:Law",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "6 7 30 10 25 15 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 8 10 25 17 25 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 10 22 29 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 10 22 32 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 9 26 26 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 9 18 36 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 11 23 26 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tagalog translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 7 26 35 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Welsh translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 5 0 57 7 17 13",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Law",
"orig": "en:Law",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1873, United States Supreme Court, The Rio Grande, 86 U.S. 178,179",
"text": "These provisions of law being in force, the steamer Rio Grande, owned, as was alleged, by persons in Mexico, being in the port of Mobile, in the Southern District of Alabama, certain materialmen, on the 26th of November, 1867, filed separate libels against her in the district court for the said district."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A written declaration or statement by the plaintiff of their cause of action, and of the relief they seek."
],
"id": "en-libel-en-noun-GuLBOg4p",
"links": [
[
"law",
"law#English"
],
[
"plaintiff",
"plaintiff"
],
[
"action",
"action"
],
[
"relief",
"relief"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(law, countable) A written declaration or statement by the plaintiff of their cause of action, and of the relief they seek."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"law"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "15 8 5 65 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "statement by the plaintiff",
"word": "kunnianloukkauskanne"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 8 5 65 6",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "statement by the plaintiff",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "libelo"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 8 5 65 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "žáloba",
"sense": "statement by the plaintiff",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "жа́лоба"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 8 5 65 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "iskovoje zajavlénije",
"sense": "statement by the plaintiff",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "исковое заявле́ние"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 7 30 10 25 15 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 8 10 25 17 25 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 9 26 26 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 11 23 26 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tagalog translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
7
]
],
"text": "a libel of forsaking [divorcement]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A brief writing of any kind, especially a declaration, bill, certificate, request, supplication, etc."
],
"id": "en-libel-en-noun-1T7AIBlT",
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A brief writing of any kind, especially a declaration, bill, certificate, request, supplication, etc."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "līʹbəl"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈlaɪbəl/"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-libel.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-us-libel.ogg/En-us-libel.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-us-libel.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪbəl"
}
],
"word": "libel"
}
{
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "slander"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "belibel"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libelant"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libelee"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libeler"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libeller"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libelist"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "libellist"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "unlibelled"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*lewbʰ-",
"id": "cut off"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "libel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English libel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "libelle"
},
"expansion": "Old French libelle",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "libellus",
"4": "",
"5": "petition",
"lit": "booklet"
},
"expansion": "Latin libellus (“petition”, literally “booklet”)",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "libelle"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of libelle",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "wp"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English libel, from Old French libelle, from Latin libellus (“petition”, literally “booklet”). Doublet of libelle.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "libels",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "libeling",
"tags": [
"US",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "libelling",
"tags": [
"UK",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "libeled",
"tags": [
"US",
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "libeled",
"tags": [
"US",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "libelled",
"tags": [
"UK",
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "libelled",
"tags": [
"UK",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "+l"
},
"expansion": "libel (third-person singular simple present libels, present participle (US) libeling or (UK) libelling, simple past and past participle (US) libeled or (UK) libelled)",
"name": "en-verb"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "transitive",
"3": "law"
},
"expansion": "(transitive, law)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "defame"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "defamation"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 9 15 16 14 27 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English calculator words",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 3 9 10 15 48 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 7 30 10 25 15 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 6 15 14 20 32 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 6 15 9 13 42 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 7 11 14 15 36 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English undefined derivations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 5 13 7 11 45 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 4 1 1 1 5 3 5 6 7 15 1 15 14 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 5 0 1 1 4 1 5 2 4 16 1 15 15 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 8 10 25 17 25 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 6 16 14 13 35 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Arabic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 6 12 12 15 37 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 6 12 15 11 41 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 4 10 19 8 48 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 6 15 8 11 40 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 7 14 8 12 41 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 5 14 9 12 41 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 7 14 8 12 41 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 7 14 8 12 41 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 5 11 14 19 35 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 4 9 16 20 38 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 5 15 6 11 45 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 6 12 14 13 42 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Macedonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 8 11 10 17 38 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 5 14 15 13 39 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 7 14 8 12 41 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 5 15 6 11 45 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 6 13 15 11 38 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Sicilian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 6 12 10 12 44 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 5 13 6 10 50 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 6 13 14 11 39 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 6 13 14 11 39 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
11
]
],
"text": "He libelled her when he published that.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
81,
89
]
],
"ref": "1709, Alexander Pope, “January and May; or, The Merchant’s Tale, from Chaucer”, in The Works of Mr. Alexander Pope, volume I, London: […] W[illiam] Bowyer, for Bernard Lintot, […], published 1717, →OCLC, page 203:",
"text": "But vvhat ſo pure, vvhich envious tongues vvill ſpare? / Some vvicked vvits have libell'd all the fair.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To defame (someone), especially in a manner that meets the legal definition of libel."
],
"id": "en-libel-en-verb-GE8TItXA",
"links": [
[
"defame",
"defame"
],
[
"manner",
"manner#Noun"
],
[
"meets",
"meet#Verb"
],
[
"legal",
"legal"
],
[
"definition",
"definition"
],
[
"libel",
"libel#Noun"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "assassinate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "asperse"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "backbite"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "badmouth"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "befoul"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"dated"
],
"word": "belibel"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "besmirch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "besmear"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "bewray"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blacken"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "blame"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blaze"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blemish"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blot"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blur"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "calumniate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "calumny"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"Commonwealth",
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "chat shit"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"UK",
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "chat shite"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "cloud"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "defame"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "demonize"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "denigrate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "deprave"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "depreciate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "detract"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "dirty"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "discredit"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "disgrace"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "disparage"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "disrepute"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"slang"
],
"word": "diss"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"idiomatic"
],
"word": "drag through the mud"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "forgab"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "forspeak"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "infamize"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "lampoon"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "libel"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "malign"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "monsterize"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "muddy"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "reproach"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "revile"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "scandal"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "shit-talk"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"UK",
"slang"
],
"word": "slag"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "slander"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "smear"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"figuratively"
],
"word": "smirch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "spatter"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "spot"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "speak ill of"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "stab"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "stain"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "sully"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "talk shit"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"UK",
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "talk shite"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"US",
"slang"
],
"word": "talk trash"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "tarnish"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "torch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "traduce"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"US",
"slang"
],
"word": "trash-talk"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "unflatter"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "vilify"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"dated",
"formal"
],
"word": "vilipend"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "villainize"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "wrong"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"law"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "klevetja",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "клеветя"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "zlepostavjam",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "злепоставям"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "chánbàng",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "讒謗 /谗谤"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "pomluvit"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "bagtale"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "bagvaske"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"note": "loukata jonkun kunniaa kirjallisesti",
"sense": "to defame someone"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "difamar"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "(schriftlich) verleumden"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "diabállō",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "διαβάλλω"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "rágalmaz"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "kleveti",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "клевети"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "nakleveti",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "наклевети"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "difamar"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "libelar"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "defăima"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "klevetátʹ",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "клевета́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "naklevetátʹ",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "наклевета́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "oklevetatʹ",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "оклеветать"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "diskreditirovatʹ",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"perfective"
],
"word": "дискредитировать"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "pozoritʹ",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "позорить"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "opozoritʹ",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "опозорить"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ohovoriť"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "libelar (desus.)"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "förtala"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "ärekränka"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "smutskasta"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "hakaret etmek"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "iftira etmek"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "tr",
"english": "somebody",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"translation": "somebody",
"word": "karalamak"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To proceed against (goods, a ship, etc.) by filing a legal claim."
],
"id": "en-libel-en-verb-hE6Rxmu8",
"links": [
[
"proceed",
"proceed"
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[
"goods",
"good#Noun"
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[
"ship",
"ship#Noun"
],
[
"filing",
"file#Verb"
],
[
"claim",
"claim#Noun"
]
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"law"
]
}
],
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{
"ipa": "/ˈlaɪbəl/"
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{
"audio": "En-us-libel.ogg",
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[
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"tags": [
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},
{
"glosses": [
"dragonfly or damselfly, insect of the order Odonata"
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{
"_dis1": "16 84",
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{
"_dis1": "16 84",
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},
{
"_dis1": "16 84",
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{
"_dis1": "16 84",
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}
],
"id": "en-libel-nl-noun-Vz7QpXqP",
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[
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"damselfly"
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[
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"Odonata#Translingual"
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],
"tags": [
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]
}
],
"sounds": [
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{
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],
"word": "libel"
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{
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"expansion": "Latin libellus",
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],
"etymology_text": "From Latin libellus, diminutive of liber (“book”).",
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{
"form": "libellen",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "libelletje",
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[
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"booklet"
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[
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],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "schotschrift"
},
{
"word": "smaadschrift"
}
],
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}
],
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{
"etymology_number": 3,
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{
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]
},
{
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],
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{
"glosses": [
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[
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"level"
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"tags": [
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],
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{
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],
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{
"etymology_text": "Ultimately from Latin libellus (“little book”).",
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}
],
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{
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],
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"bold_text_offsets": [
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220,
225
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],
"english": "I have (he said) a bill of summons here: / On pain of excommunication make sure that you appear / Tomorrow morning at the archdeacon's knee … Now Lord (she said) Jesus king of kings / Help me, as I cannot … Could I ask for a copy of the charges, sir summoner, / And have my proctor appear for me / For whatever it is that I am accused of?",
"ref": "1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Freres Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xliiii, verso, column 1:",
"text": "I haue ȹ he, of ſommõs of the here a byl / Up payne of curſyng loke that thou be / To moꝛowe befoꝛe our Archdeacons kne [...] Now loꝛde ȹ ſhe, Jeſu kyng of kynges / So wiſely helpe me, as I ne may [...] May I nat aſke a lybel ſyꝛ Sompnour / And anſwere there by my pꝛoctour / To ſuche thyng as men wolde appoſen me?",
"translation": "I have (he said) a bill of summons here: / On pain of excommunication make sure that you appear / Tomorrow morning at the archdeacon's knee … Now Lord (she said) Jesus king of kings / Help me, as I cannot … Could I ask for a copy of the charges, sir summoner, / And have my proctor appear for me / For whatever it is that I am accused of?",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
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"Any short and formal written text",
"A litigant's statement of complaint, or list of charges"
],
"id": "en-libel-enm-noun-6PhDfY6w",
"links": [
[
"law",
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]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Any short and formal written text",
"(law) A litigant's statement of complaint, or list of charges"
],
"topics": [
"law"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
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"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
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},
{
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66,
71
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"english": "It hath been said, Whosoever shall put away his wife, let him give her a writing of divorcement: But I say unto you, That whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery: and whosoever shall marry her that is divorced committeth adultery.",
"ref": "The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], 1611, →OCLC.",
"text": "And it hath be seyd, Who euere leeueth his wijf, ȝyue he to hir a libel of forsakying. But Y seie to ȝou, that euery man that leeueth his wijf, outtakun cause of fornycacion, makith hir to do letcherie, and he that weddith the forsaken wijf, doith auowtrye.",
"translation": "It hath been said, Whosoever shall put away his wife, let him give her a writing of divorcement: But I say unto you, That whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery: and whosoever shall marry her that is divorced committeth adultery.",
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],
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],
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"word": "libel"
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{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "-en",
"3": "++"
},
"expansion": "libel n (plural libellen, diminutive libelletje n)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"li",
"bel"
]
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"booklet, notably a libel (defamatory writing)"
],
"links": [
[
"booklet",
"booklet"
],
[
"libel",
"libel#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/liˈbɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "schotschrift"
},
{
"word": "smaadschrift"
}
],
"word": "libel"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch feminine nouns",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch nouns",
"Dutch nouns with plural in -en",
"Dutch terms borrowed from Latin",
"Dutch terms derived from Latin",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Dutch/ɛl",
"nl:Dragonflies and damselflies"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "la",
"3": "libella"
},
"expansion": "Latin libella",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin libella.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "libellen",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "libelletje",
"tags": [
"diminutive",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "-en",
"3": "++"
},
"expansion": "libel f (plural libellen, diminutive libelletje n)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"li",
"bel"
]
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"a vial of a level"
],
"links": [
[
"vial",
"vial"
],
[
"level",
"level"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/liˈbɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
}
],
"word": "libel"
}
{
"categories": [
"English calculator words",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English links with manual fragments",
"English links with redundant alt parameters",
"English links with redundant wikilinks",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *lewbʰ- (cut off)",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English transitive verbs",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English undefined derivations",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Arabic translations",
"Requests for review of Dutch translations",
"Requests for review of French translations",
"Requests for review of Hungarian translations",
"Requests for review of Italian translations",
"Requests for review of Macedonian translations",
"Requests for review of Swedish translations",
"Requests for review of Turkish translations",
"Rhymes:English/aɪbəl",
"Rhymes:English/aɪbəl/2 syllables",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Sicilian translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tagalog translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations",
"en:Crime",
"en:Law"
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "slander"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "antilibel"
},
{
"word": "libellize"
},
{
"word": "libelous"
},
{
"word": "libellous"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*lewbʰ-",
"id": "cut off"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "libel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English libel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "libelle"
},
"expansion": "Old French libelle",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "libellus",
"4": "",
"5": "petition",
"lit": "booklet"
},
"expansion": "Latin libellus (“petition”, literally “booklet”)",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "libelle"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of libelle",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "wp"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English libel, from Old French libelle, from Latin libellus (“petition”, literally “booklet”). Doublet of libelle.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "libels",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "libel (countable and uncountable, plural libels)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "defamation"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"word": "blasphemous libel"
},
{
"word": "blood libel"
},
{
"word": "cyberlibel"
},
{
"word": "McLibel"
},
{
"word": "Twibel"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "libel chill"
},
{
"word": "libel tourism"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2002, Spider-Man:",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A written or pictorial false statement which unjustly seeks to damage someone's reputation."
],
"links": [
[
"written",
"written"
],
[
"pictorial",
"pictorial"
],
[
"false",
"false"
],
[
"statement",
"statement"
],
[
"unjustly",
"unjustly"
],
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"reputation",
"reputation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A written or pictorial false statement which unjustly seeks to damage someone's reputation."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"The act or tort of displaying such a statement publicly."
],
"links": [
[
"act",
"act"
],
[
"tort",
"tort"
],
[
"publicly",
"publicly"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) The act or tort of displaying such a statement publicly."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"Any defamatory writing; a lampoon; a satire."
],
"links": [
[
"defamatory",
"defamatory"
],
[
"writing",
"writing"
],
[
"lampoon",
"lampoon"
],
[
"satire",
"satire"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) Any defamatory writing; a lampoon; a satire."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"en:Law"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1873, United States Supreme Court, The Rio Grande, 86 U.S. 178,179",
"text": "These provisions of law being in force, the steamer Rio Grande, owned, as was alleged, by persons in Mexico, being in the port of Mobile, in the Southern District of Alabama, certain materialmen, on the 26th of November, 1867, filed separate libels against her in the district court for the said district."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A written declaration or statement by the plaintiff of their cause of action, and of the relief they seek."
],
"links": [
[
"law",
"law#English"
],
[
"plaintiff",
"plaintiff"
],
[
"action",
"action"
],
[
"relief",
"relief"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(law, countable) A written declaration or statement by the plaintiff of their cause of action, and of the relief they seek."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"law"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
7
]
],
"text": "a libel of forsaking [divorcement]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A brief writing of any kind, especially a declaration, bill, certificate, request, supplication, etc."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A brief writing of any kind, especially a declaration, bill, certificate, request, supplication, etc."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "līʹbəl"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈlaɪbəl/"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-libel.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-us-libel.ogg/En-us-libel.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-us-libel.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪbəl"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "zrpartutʻyun",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"word": "զրպարտություն"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "kleveta",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "клевета"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "donos",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "донос"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "libel"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hanopis"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "injurie"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "ærekrænkelse"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "æresfornærmelse"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "bagvaskelse"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"word": "kalumnio"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"word": "kirjallinen kunnianloukkaus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"word": "kirjallinen herjaus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"word": "häväistyskirjoitus"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"word": "calomnie f écrite"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "libelle"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "schriftliche Verleumdung"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "lívellos",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "λίβελλος"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "livellográfima",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "λιβελλογράφημα"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "kleveta",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "клевета"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calúnia"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "klevetá",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "клевета́"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "diffamácija",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "диффама́ция"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calugna"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "diffamazziuni"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "libelo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "förtal"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "ärekränkning"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "smädeskrift"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"sense": "defamatory false written statement",
"word": "paninirang-puri"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "zrpartutʻyun",
"sense": "act or crime",
"word": "զրպարտություն"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "difamació"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pomluva"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "injurie"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "ærekrænkelse"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "æresfornærmelse"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "bagvaskelse"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "act or crime",
"word": "kirjallinen kunnianloukkaus"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "act or crime",
"word": "calomnie f écrite"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "schriftliche Verleumdung"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "sykofantikí dysfímisi",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "συκοφαντική δυσφήμηση"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "leabhal"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "diffamazione"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "difamação"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "klevetá",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "клевета́"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "diffamácija",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "диффама́ция"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calugna"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "diffamazziuni"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "förtal"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "ärekränkning"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"sense": "act or crime",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "enllib"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "statement by the plaintiff",
"word": "kunnianloukkauskanne"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "statement by the plaintiff",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "libelo"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "žáloba",
"sense": "statement by the plaintiff",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "жа́лоба"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "iskovoje zajavlénije",
"sense": "statement by the plaintiff",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "исковое заявле́ние"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "paskvil",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "пасквил"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "smædeskrift"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"word": "smaadschrift"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"word": "Schmähschrift"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "livellográfima",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "λιβελλογράφημα"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "sátira",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "σάτιρα"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "difamação"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "libelo"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "paskvilʹ",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "пасквиль"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calugna"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"sense": "any defamatory writing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "diffamazziuni"
}
],
"word": "libel"
}
{
"categories": [
"English calculator words",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English links with manual fragments",
"English links with redundant alt parameters",
"English links with redundant wikilinks",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *lewbʰ- (cut off)",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English transitive verbs",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English undefined derivations",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Arabic translations",
"Requests for review of Dutch translations",
"Requests for review of French translations",
"Requests for review of Hungarian translations",
"Requests for review of Italian translations",
"Requests for review of Macedonian translations",
"Requests for review of Swedish translations",
"Requests for review of Turkish translations",
"Rhymes:English/aɪbəl",
"Rhymes:English/aɪbəl/2 syllables",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Sicilian translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"en:Crime",
"en:Law"
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "slander"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "belibel"
},
{
"word": "libelant"
},
{
"word": "libelee"
},
{
"word": "libeler"
},
{
"word": "libeller"
},
{
"word": "libelist"
},
{
"word": "libellist"
},
{
"word": "unlibelled"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*lewbʰ-",
"id": "cut off"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "libel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English libel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "libelle"
},
"expansion": "Old French libelle",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "libellus",
"4": "",
"5": "petition",
"lit": "booklet"
},
"expansion": "Latin libellus (“petition”, literally “booklet”)",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "libelle"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of libelle",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "wp"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English libel, from Old French libelle, from Latin libellus (“petition”, literally “booklet”). Doublet of libelle.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "libels",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "libeling",
"tags": [
"US",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "libelling",
"tags": [
"UK",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "libeled",
"tags": [
"US",
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "libeled",
"tags": [
"US",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "libelled",
"tags": [
"UK",
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "libelled",
"tags": [
"UK",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "+l"
},
"expansion": "libel (third-person singular simple present libels, present participle (US) libeling or (UK) libelling, simple past and past participle (US) libeled or (UK) libelled)",
"name": "en-verb"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "transitive",
"3": "law"
},
"expansion": "(transitive, law)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"word": "defame"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "defamation"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
11
]
],
"text": "He libelled her when he published that.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
81,
89
]
],
"ref": "1709, Alexander Pope, “January and May; or, The Merchant’s Tale, from Chaucer”, in The Works of Mr. Alexander Pope, volume I, London: […] W[illiam] Bowyer, for Bernard Lintot, […], published 1717, →OCLC, page 203:",
"text": "But vvhat ſo pure, vvhich envious tongues vvill ſpare? / Some vvicked vvits have libell'd all the fair.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To defame (someone), especially in a manner that meets the legal definition of libel."
],
"links": [
[
"defame",
"defame"
],
[
"manner",
"manner#Noun"
],
[
"meets",
"meet#Verb"
],
[
"legal",
"legal"
],
[
"definition",
"definition"
],
[
"libel",
"libel#Noun"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "assassinate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "asperse"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "backbite"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "badmouth"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "befoul"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"dated"
],
"word": "belibel"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "besmirch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "besmear"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "bewray"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blacken"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "blame"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blaze"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blemish"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blot"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blur"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "calumniate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "calumny"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"Commonwealth",
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "chat shit"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"UK",
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "chat shite"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "cloud"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "defame"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "demonize"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "denigrate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "deprave"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "depreciate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "detract"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "dirty"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "discredit"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "disgrace"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "disparage"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "disrepute"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"slang"
],
"word": "diss"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"idiomatic"
],
"word": "drag through the mud"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "forgab"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "forspeak"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "infamize"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "lampoon"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "libel"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "malign"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "monsterize"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "muddy"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "reproach"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "revile"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "scandal"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "shit-talk"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"UK",
"slang"
],
"word": "slag"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "slander"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "smear"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"figuratively"
],
"word": "smirch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "spatter"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "spot"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "speak ill of"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "stab"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "stain"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "sully"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "talk shit"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"UK",
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "talk shite"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"US",
"slang"
],
"word": "talk trash"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "tarnish"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "torch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "traduce"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"US",
"slang"
],
"word": "trash-talk"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "unflatter"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "vilify"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"dated",
"formal"
],
"word": "vilipend"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "villainize"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "wrong"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"law"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To proceed against (goods, a ship, etc.) by filing a legal claim."
],
"links": [
[
"proceed",
"proceed"
],
[
"goods",
"good#Noun"
],
[
"ship",
"ship#Noun"
],
[
"filing",
"file#Verb"
],
[
"claim",
"claim#Noun"
]
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"law"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "līʹbəl"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈlaɪbəl/"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-libel.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-us-libel.ogg/En-us-libel.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-us-libel.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪbəl"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "klevetja",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "клеветя"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "zlepostavjam",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "злепоставям"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "chánbàng",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "讒謗 /谗谤"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "pomluvit"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "bagtale"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "bagvaske"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"note": "loukata jonkun kunniaa kirjallisesti",
"sense": "to defame someone"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "difamar"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "(schriftlich) verleumden"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "diabállō",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "διαβάλλω"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "rágalmaz"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "kleveti",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "клевети"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "nakleveti",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "наклевети"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "difamar"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "libelar"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "defăima"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "klevetátʹ",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "клевета́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "naklevetátʹ",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "наклевета́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "oklevetatʹ",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "оклеветать"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "diskreditirovatʹ",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"perfective"
],
"word": "дискредитировать"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "pozoritʹ",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "позорить"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "opozoritʹ",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "опозорить"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ohovoriť"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "libelar (desus.)"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "förtala"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "ärekränka"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "smutskasta"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "hakaret etmek"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"word": "iftira etmek"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"english": "somebody",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "to defame someone",
"translation": "somebody",
"word": "karalamak"
}
],
"word": "libel"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_text": "Ultimately from Latin libellus (“little book”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "lybel",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "libel",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"enm:Law"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
220,
225
]
],
"english": "I have (he said) a bill of summons here: / On pain of excommunication make sure that you appear / Tomorrow morning at the archdeacon's knee … Now Lord (she said) Jesus king of kings / Help me, as I cannot … Could I ask for a copy of the charges, sir summoner, / And have my proctor appear for me / For whatever it is that I am accused of?",
"ref": "1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Freres Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xliiii, verso, column 1:",
"text": "I haue ȹ he, of ſommõs of the here a byl / Up payne of curſyng loke that thou be / To moꝛowe befoꝛe our Archdeacons kne [...] Now loꝛde ȹ ſhe, Jeſu kyng of kynges / So wiſely helpe me, as I ne may [...] May I nat aſke a lybel ſyꝛ Sompnour / And anſwere there by my pꝛoctour / To ſuche thyng as men wolde appoſen me?",
"translation": "I have (he said) a bill of summons here: / On pain of excommunication make sure that you appear / Tomorrow morning at the archdeacon's knee … Now Lord (she said) Jesus king of kings / Help me, as I cannot … Could I ask for a copy of the charges, sir summoner, / And have my proctor appear for me / For whatever it is that I am accused of?",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any short and formal written text",
"A litigant's statement of complaint, or list of charges"
],
"links": [
[
"law",
"law#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Any short and formal written text",
"(law) A litigant's statement of complaint, or list of charges"
],
"topics": [
"law"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
66,
71
]
],
"english": "It hath been said, Whosoever shall put away his wife, let him give her a writing of divorcement: But I say unto you, That whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery: and whosoever shall marry her that is divorced committeth adultery.",
"ref": "The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], 1611, →OCLC.",
"text": "And it hath be seyd, Who euere leeueth his wijf, ȝyue he to hir a libel of forsakying. But Y seie to ȝou, that euery man that leeueth his wijf, outtakun cause of fornycacion, makith hir to do letcherie, and he that weddith the forsaken wijf, doith auowtrye.",
"translation": "It hath been said, Whosoever shall put away his wife, let him give her a writing of divorcement: But I say unto you, That whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery: and whosoever shall marry her that is divorced committeth adultery.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any short and formal written text",
"Any written formal complaint, particularly in marital conflicts"
],
"links": [
[
"marital",
"marital"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Any short and formal written text",
"A treatise; a division of a larger work."
],
"links": [
[
"treatise",
"treatise"
]
]
}
],
"word": "libel"
}
Download raw JSONL data for libel meaning in All languages combined (37.9kB)
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"msg": "HTML tag <span> not properly closed",
"path": [
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"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "libel",
"trace": "started on line 1, detected on line 1"
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"path": [
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"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
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"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "libel",
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"path": [
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"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "libel",
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}
{
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"msg": "Translation too long compared to word, so it is skipped",
"path": [
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"section": "English",
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"title": "libel",
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"section": "English",
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{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425",
"msg": "libel/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"lang_code\": \"fi\", \"note\": \"loukata jonkun kunniaa kirjallisesti\", \"sense\": \"to defame someone\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "libel",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-03-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-03-03 using wiktextract (05c257f and 9d9a410). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.